Kuhli Loach

Kuhli loaches are from the island of Java, Indonesia, and additionally can be found in Malaysia, Sumatra. They are found throughout the Sunda shelf (excluding Sarawak) and Thailand. They have been reportedly found in China, though there are suspicions that it is a case of misidentification of perhaps a different Pangio species. The abundance of this species is unknown.

Kuhli loaches are classified as follows: Animalia (kingdom), Chordata (phylum), Actinopterygii (class), Cypriniformes (order), Cobitidae (family), and Pangio (genus). The species name is Pangio kuhlii but the synonyms are Cobitis kuhlii and sometimes Pangio semicincta.

]] Cobitidae, the family to which the kuhli loach falls under, has 19 genera. Many of the other true loaches in this family have a similar body structure as the kuhli loach- slender and elongated. Particularly, the Pangio (formerly Acanthophthalmus) genus has understudied diversity within it and can be formed into three different groups: anguillaris, kuhlii-oblonga, and shelfordii. These groups combined result in around 30 species, but further analysis could reveal additional species within Pangio. This usually results in species that are hard to distinguish from one another. The most common mistake is between Pangio kuhlii and Pangio semicincta as they are often sold under the same common title of 'kuhli loach.' There is not enough sampling of the elusive Pangio kuhlii to confidently separate the two, and are often used conversely. Another species similar to Pangio kuhlii is Pangio myersi, the Giant kuhli loach, which can be found in Thailand and has a much similar, yet larger, structure. Overall, the term "kuhli loach" captures many mislabeled species (especially in the pet trade) and they can be nearly impossible to distinguish visually.

The natural habitat of the kuhli loach is the sandy beds of slow-moving rivers and clean mountain streams. They are a social fish and are typically found in small clusters (they are not schooling fish but enjoy the company of their species), but are cautious and nocturnal by nature and swim near the bottom where they feed around obstacles. In the wild, kuhli loaches spawn synchronously in very shallow water. The kuhli loach is a bottom dweller that burrows into soft places. If the water is turbid they can breathe air through a mechanism called facultative breathing, which allows them to live in below favorable conditions.

The kuhli loach was originally described as Cobitis kuhlii by Achille Valenciennes in 1846 to commemorate Heinrich Kuhl's work as a naturalist and zoologist. In scientific literature, it has been referred to as Acanthophthalmus kuhlii. The genus name Acanthophthalmus is a junior synonym of Pangio. Its older generic name 'Acanthophthalmus' comes from the meaning 'thorn' or 'prickle-eye', after a spine beneath each eye.

There is evidence of sexual dimorphism in this species with studies showing that males have one hard ray in their pectoral fins and 7–8 weak rays, while females have no hard ray and 8–10 weak rays. Head depth also could be a potential sex-differentiating characteristic, revealing that males might be able to prey on harder food, while females might feed on softer substances. Additionally, there is a difference of sexes in body depth, with females having more body depth (dorsal to ventral measured vertically), which could potentially serve as a benefit for females in reproduction. However, their body length and coloration are the same throughout both males and females of this species.

While striped Pangio loaches are a common in aquaria, the true P. kuhlii is rarely, if ever, kept. This is due to the fact that they are endemic to Indonesia Java, where collection of ornamental fish is extremely rare. There are many who doubt P. kuhlii has ever even made it into the private aquarium trade. There are a number of species of the genus Pangio, primarily P. semicincta, that appear similar and are sold under the same name, require similar care, and are all excellently suited for household tanks. They tend to be hardy and long-lived in the aquarium and get along well with their own kind as well as others. Kuhli loaches can have nearly a 10-year lifespan, sometimes reaching as far as 14 years in captivity, making them great aquarium fish. Since they are quite thin and lanky they can often get themselves into small places, even sometimes escaping the tank. Planted aquariums allow kuhlis the opportunity to better hide themselves and feel more comfortable, and they won't consume any of the plants. Additional hiding places like driftwood and typical aquarium decor that has small spaces to wriggle into. They can easily harm their barbels and soft, scale-less bodies so sharp decor and non-sand substrate are not recommended for this nocturnal species. They are friendly with other tank mates (they will not attack nor eat them) and prefer to be in large groups of other kuhlis (typically 5 or more). With more individuals in the tank, kuhli loaches tend to be more active and less shy. kuhli loach groups of this size can be kept in 20-gallon aquariums but can be housed in something larger if given enough hiding places. Other species that make good tank mates include tetras, minnows, shrimp, corydora, danio, rasbora, and other non-aggressive fish. Pangio loaches natively live in a tropical climate and prefer water with a 5.5 – 6.5 pH-but will tolerate 7.0 pH in aquaria, a water hardness of 5.0 dGH, and a temperature range of . Pangio loaches are scavengers, so they will eat anything that reaches the bottom. They consume many different types of sinking pellets, flakes, and even shrimp/bloodworms. However, if the tank mates eat all the food before any reaches the bottom, it is recommended to feed them at night so they can get their fill. The tank should be maintained and cleaned up weekly with water changes, but full water changes are not necessary and may potentially harm the fish. It can prove to be a challenge if the conditions are not perfect. For the best chances of successful breeding, isolating the population of kuhli loaches in a separate tank away from any other species is recommended. Most of the successful attempts at breeding this species in captivity are with the help of hormone injections to induce breeding.

Misgurnus fossilis, the weatherfish, is a type of loach also in the Cobitidae family that is named after its ability to react and sense storms and rough weather. Kuhli loaches can also be sensitive to the weather conditions; they can sense sharp changes in atmospheric pressure (like an oncoming storm) and can be seen wriggling around near the surface of aquariums in response. It increases their activity level to exceptional heights even though they are a shy, bottom-dwelling, species in general.

According to the IUCN, kuhli loaches are of least concern. This means they are not in immediate danger of any impacts on their populations, but the population trends are currently unknown. There is currently no ongoing direct conservation of this species in their range.